Most Common Infections in the Elderly: Prevention and Care

 

As we grow older, the immune system naturally becomes less efficient, making the body more vulnerable to infections. For elderly individuals, even seemingly minor infections can quickly become serious health concerns. Common infections such as urinary tract infections, pneumonia and skin infections can significantly impact health and quality of life.

This article will take a closer look at the most common infections in the elderly, their causes, symptoms and practical prevention strategies. We’ll also highlight the crucial role caregivers play in early detection and managing these infections to ensure the well-being of those they care for.

1. Urinary tract infections (UTIs)

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common infections in the elderly, often causing discomfort and confusion. The risk of developing a UTI increases with age, especially in those who have mobility issues, diabetes or urinary incontinence. UTIs occur when bacteria enter the urinary tract, leading to inflammation and infection.

Symptoms to watch for

Common symptoms of a UTI include:

• Pain or burning during urination
• Increased frequency of urination
• Cloudy or strong-smelling urine
• Confusion or agitation
• Changes in behaviour (often mistaken for signs of dementia or other health issues)

Why do urinary tract infections cause confusion in the elderly?

UTIs in the elderly can cause confusion due to several factors. A weakened immune system makes it harder for the body to fight off infections, which can affect the brain and cause cognitive changes like confusion and delirium. Additionally, dehydration, which is common in older adults, can worsen these symptoms. Medications taken for other health issues may interact with the infection, further impairing cognitive function. These factors combined make UTIs in the elderly more likely to result in confusion and disorientation.

Prevention tips

Staying hydrated is one of the best ways to prevent UTIs, as it helps flush bacteria out of the urinary tract. Encourage your loved one to drink plenty of water throughout the day. Additionally, proper hygiene is crucial—wiping from front to back and ensuring clean clothing can help reduce the risk of infection. Regular bathroom breaks are also important, as holding urine for too long can increase the risk of developing a UTI.

If symptoms arise, it’s important to seek medical attention right away, as untreated UTIs can lead to kidney infections or sepsis, both of which can be life-threatening.

2. Pneumonia

Pneumonia is a serious lung infection that can affect individuals of all ages, but it is particularly dangerous for the elderly. The risk of developing pneumonia increases with age, especially for those with chronic health conditions such as heart disease, diabetes or weakened immune systems. Pneumonia can be caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi, and it often begins after a respiratory illness such as a cold or the flu.

Symptoms to watch for

Common symptoms of pneumonia include:

• Coughing (which may produce phlegm or mucus)
• Shortness of breath
• Chest pain (especially when breathing or coughing)
• Fatigue
• Confusion or delirium (especially in elderly individuals)
• Fever and chills

In older adults, pneumonia may not always present with the typical symptoms. It can sometimes lead to confusion or a sudden decline in overall health without the obvious respiratory signs.

Prevention tips

Vaccination is one of the most effective ways to prevent pneumonia. The pneumococcal vaccine is recommended for older adults to protect against one of the most common causes of bacterial pneumonia. The flu vaccine is also important, as influenza can lead to pneumonia, particularly in elderly individuals.

Good hygiene, including regular handwashing, can also help prevent the spread of infections that lead to pneumonia. Additionally, maintaining a healthy lifestyle with proper nutrition, regular exercise and avoiding smoking can strengthen the immune system and help fight off infections.

3. Skin infections

Skin infections are common in the elderly, especially those with conditions that affect skin integrity or immune function, such as diabetes or poor circulation. Elderly skin is thinner, more fragile and more prone to injury, making it easier for infections to develop. Skin infections can range from mild conditions like rashes to more serious infections such as cellulitis or pressure sores.

Common skin infections

• Cellulitis: A bacterial skin infection that causes redness, swelling and pain. It can develop after a cut, scratch, or insect bite.
• Pressure sores (bedsores): These occur when prolonged pressure on the skin reduces blood flow, leading to skin damage and infections.
• Fungal infections: Elderly individuals are at higher risk for fungal infections, such as athlete’s foot or yeast infections, particularly in moist or poorly ventilated areas.

Symptoms to watch for

• Redness and swelling
• Pain or tenderness in the affected area
• Warmth around the infection site
• Blisters or open wounds
• Fever (which can indicate the infection is spreading)

Prevention tips

Preventing skin infections starts with good hygiene and skin care. Keeping skin clean, moisturised and dry can reduce the risk of infections. For those at risk of pressure sores, regular repositioning and the use of pressure-relieving cushions or mattresses are essential.

In addition, wearing loose-fitting clothing, particularly socks and shoes, can help avoid fungal infections. Ensuring good circulation through regular movement and exercises also plays a role in preventing skin breakdown and infection.

If a skin infection is suspected, early treatment with antibiotics or antifungal medication can prevent it from becoming more severe. Always consult a healthcare provider if symptoms worsen or don’t improve.

4. Gastrointestinal infections

Gastrointestinal infections are common in older adults and can be caused by a variety of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses or parasites. These infections can lead to uncomfortable symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and dehydration. For elderly individuals, these infections can be particularly dangerous, especially for those with weakened immune systems or chronic conditions that may complicate recovery.

Symptoms to watch for

• Diarrhoea
• Vomiting
• Abdominal cramps or pain
• Loss of appetite
• Fever
• Signs of dehydration (dry mouth, decreased urine output, dizziness)

Prevention tips

Good hygiene is key to preventing gastrointestinal infections. Encourage regular handwashing, particularly before meals or after using the bathroom, to reduce the spread of harmful bacteria and viruses. Safe food handling is also important — ensure that food is properly cooked, stored and kept at safe temperatures.

Staying hydrated is crucial when dealing with gastrointestinal infections. Make sure the elderly person drinks plenty of fluids, especially water, oral rehydration solutions or clear broths, to prevent dehydration. For those with more severe symptoms, such as vomiting or diarrhoea, it may be necessary to seek medical attention to prevent complications like dehydration or electrolyte imbalances.

5. Respiratory infections

Respiratory infections, such as the flu and bronchitis, can pose a significant risk to elderly people. These infections often lead to complications, especially in those with existing health conditions like heart disease, diabetes or chronic respiratory illnesses such as COPD. The elderly are also more susceptible to severe outcomes, including pneumonia or respiratory failure, from these infections.

Symptoms to watch for

• Coughing (persistent or with mucus)
• Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
• Fever and chills
• Fatigue or weakness
• Chest pain
• Confusion or dizziness (especially in older adults)

Prevention tips

Vaccination is one of the best preventative measures for respiratory infections. The annual flu vaccine is crucial for elderly individuals, as it helps prevent influenza, which can lead to pneumonia or other complications.

Good hygiene practices, such as regular handwashing and avoiding close contact with sick individuals, can help prevent the spread of respiratory infections. Encouraging the elderly to cover their mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing and using tissues or hand sanitiser also helps reduce the risk of transmission.

Maintaining a healthy lifestyle by staying active, eating a nutritious diet and managing underlying health conditions can support the immune system, making it easier for the body to fight off infections.

6. Sepsis

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the body’s response to an infection goes awry, leading to widespread inflammation. It can result from any type of infection, but elderly individuals are particularly vulnerable due to their weakened immune systems.

Sepsis can develop rapidly, and early intervention is critical for survival. The elderly are more likely to experience sepsis due to chronic health conditions, weakened immune systems and infections that may go undetected.

Symptoms to watch for

• Fever or low body temperature
• Rapid heart rate or breathing
• Confusion or disorientation
• Extreme weakness or fatigue
• Shivering or feeling very cold
• Signs of infection (such as redness, swelling, or pus in a wound)

Prevention tips

The best way to prevent sepsis is by promptly treating any infections. Ensure that infections, especially common ones like UTIs, pneumonia or skin infections, are addressed early with the appropriate medications. Regular check-ups and communication with healthcare providers can help detect infections before they become severe.

For individuals with chronic conditions, maintaining good overall health through proper nutrition, hydration and physical activity can also help boost the immune system, making it more capable of fighting infections and preventing the development of sepsis.

If sepsis is suspected, it’s crucial to seek medical attention immediately. It requires urgent treatment, usually in a hospital setting, to prevent further complications and improve chances of recovery.

How to prevent infections in the elderly

Prevention is always better than treatment, especially when it comes to infections in the elderly. While it’s not always possible to avoid infections entirely, there are several key strategies that can significantly reduce the risk and improve overall health.

Here are some important steps to take:

●      Good hygiene practices: Wash hands regularly with soap and water, especially before meals and after using the bathroom. When soap and water aren’t available, use hand sanitiser with at least 60% alcohol.

●      Vaccination: Keep up-to-date on important vaccines like the flu vaccine, pneumococcal vaccine, and shingles vaccine.

●      Proper nutrition: Eat a balanced diet with plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats. Stay hydrated to support overall health and immune function.

●      Regular physical activity: Encourage light exercise, such as walking or stretching, to strengthen the immune system and improve circulation.

●      Regular medical check-ups: Schedule routine health check-ups to monitor for potential infections and chronic conditions.

●      Managing chronic conditions: Properly manage chronic health issues like diabetes or heart disease to reduce the risk of infections.

• Caregiver support: Caregivers should assist with maintaining hygiene, administering medications, and ensuring a clean living environment.

Talk to our team today

At Country Cousins, we’re committed to providing personalised live-in care to help older adults manage infections and other health concerns. If you or a loved one are experiencing any health issues, including infections, don’t hesitate to reach out to our dedicated team for advice and tailored care solutions.

Our experienced team is on hand to help from Monday to Friday, 8 am to 6 pm. Alternatively, contact us through our online enquiry form.