Parkinson’s disease is primarily known as a progressive neurological disorder characterised by motor symptoms such as tremors, rigidity and bradykinesia (slowed movement). However, it can also lead to cognitive decline and dementia in some people. Dementia, on the other hand, encompasses a range of symptoms that impact memory, thinking and daily functioning.
This article explores how these two conditions are interconnected, the implications for those living with them and the importance of awareness and early intervention for effective management.
What is Parkinson’s disease?
Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects movement. It occurs when nerve cells in the brain, particularly those that produce dopamine, begin to deteriorate. This decline in dopamine disrupts the brain’s ability to coordinate smooth and controlled movements, leading to the disease’s hallmark symptoms.
The symptoms of Parkinson’s can be categorised into motor and non-motor. Motor symptoms include tremors, slowness of movement (bradykinesia), muscle rigidity and balance issues. Non-motor symptoms may involve cognitive changes, mood disorders such as anxiety and depression, sleep disturbances and autonomic dysfunction affecting blood pressure and digestion.
Typically, Parkinson’s progresses through five stages, starting with mild symptoms that may only affect one side of the body and gradually advancing to significant limitations in mobility and daily functioning. In the later stages, individuals may require comprehensive assistance with daily activities and experience severe movement challenges.
What is dementia?
Dementia is an umbrella term used to describe a range of cognitive impairments that interfere with an individual’s ability to perform daily activities. It is not a specific disease but rather a collection of symptoms that can be caused by various underlying conditions, including Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia and Lewy body dementia. The hallmark of dementia is a decline in cognitive function, which affects memory, reasoning, communication and the ability to manage everyday tasks.
Common symptoms of dementia include memory loss, confusion about time and place, difficulties in problem-solving and challenges in completing familiar tasks. Individuals may also experience changes in mood and personality, leading to increased anxiety, depression or agitation. As dementia progresses, individuals may struggle with recognising loved ones and communicating effectively.
The progression of dementia varies widely, depending on the underlying cause of the condition and the overall health of the individual. In its later stages, dementia can severely impair independence, necessitating comprehensive care and support.
What symptoms do they share?
Both Parkinson’s disease and dementia can manifest with overlapping symptoms, making it challenging to distinguish between the two.
Some common symptoms include:
- Cognitive decline: Both conditions can lead to difficulties with memory, attention and problem-solving.
- Motor issues: While Parkinson’s primarily affects movement, individuals may also experience tremors, stiffness and balance problems that can be compounded by cognitive impairment.
- Changes in mood and behaviour: Depression, anxiety and changes in personality are common in both Parkinson’s and dementia.
- Difficulty with communication: Individuals may struggle with verbal expression or comprehension, impacting social interactions.
- Sleep disturbances: Problems such as insomnia or restless leg syndrome are common in both conditions, leading to fatigue and further cognitive decline.
The link between Parkinson’s disease and dementia
While most individuals with Parkinson’s disease do not develop dementia, it is estimated that around one-third of people with Parkinson’s will experience dementia, typically in the later stages of the disease. This condition is referred to as “Parkinson’s with dementia” and may also be classified as a type of Lewy body dementia, a form of dementia associated with abnormal protein deposits in the brain.
The neurobiological connection between Parkinson’s and dementia lies in the degeneration of brain regions responsible for both motor and cognitive functions. As dopamine-producing neurons deteriorate, other areas of the brain also become affected, leading to cognitive challenges. A key feature of both Parkinson’s and PDD is the presence of Lewy bodies — abnormal protein deposits that disrupt normal brain activity.
Managing the symptoms of Parkinson’s
While there is currently no cure for Parkinson’s disease, ongoing research in the UK and internationally aims to improve treatment options. Management focuses on supporting individuals and their families, ensuring they can live as well as possible despite the challenges posed by the condition.
The physical effects of Parkinson’s can be addressed through several strategies:
- Medications that increase dopamine levels in the brain.
- Home modifications to remove trip hazards and minimise risks.
- Speech and language therapy referrals for issues with speech or swallowing.
- Physiotherapy for assistance with movement challenges.
- Occupational therapy to get recommendations about aids and devices that will help facilitate daily activities.
For those experiencing significant communication or cognitive difficulties, these approaches can help:
- Review medications for Parkinson’s, as some may exacerbate cognitive symptoms.
- Communicate slowly and clearly, allowing time for processing.
- Minimise distractions in the environment.
- Be patient during conversations, allowing extra time for responses.
- Use targeted questions or visual aids, like yes/no cards or picture prompts, to assist with word-finding difficulties.
- Limit exposure to unfamiliar or noisy environments to reduce anxiety.
- Establish routines and engage in enjoyable activities that provide comfort and familiarity.
It’s important to remember that comprehension may remain intact even if verbal communication becomes difficult.
Financial resource and support
People living with Parkinson’s and their families should consider undergoing a care needs assessment through their Local Authority. This assessment considers the support required to maintain quality of life and can help identify eligibility for financial support and services.
Carer’s assessments are also important, as they provide tailored advice and resources for those who support individuals with Parkinson’s. Together, these evaluations can significantly assist families in navigating their circumstances and enhancing their overall well-being.
If you’re looking for guidance on financing and funding care, explore our comprehensive resources at Country Cousins to find the support you need: Financing and Funding Care Guide.
Talk to our team today
If you are considering live-in care for yourself or your loved one, contact us at Country Cousins today. We are the UK’s longest-serving introductory care agency, having provided compassionate care to people in their own homes since 1959.
Our specialised Parkinson’s and dementia care services are designed to support individuals and their families through the unique challenges posed by these conditions. Our trained carers can assist with daily activities, ensure safety at home and provide companionship, all tailored to the specific needs of each person.
Give us a call today on 01293 224 706 should you have any questions about home care. Our experienced team is on hand to help from Monday to Friday, 8 am to 6 pm. Alternatively, contact us through our online enquiry form.
